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People and Climate How Social Infrastructure Powers Adaptation
1 Introduction: The Role of Social Factors in Climate Adaptation .... 1 \\\\r\\\\n1.1 A View on a Dutch Winter Landscape ......................... 1 \\\\r\\\\n1.2 The Consequences of Climate Change for the Netherlands ........ 3 \\\\r\\\\n1.2.1 Changing Weather Patterns ............................ 3 \\\\r\\\\n1.2.2 From Changing Weather Patterns to Climate Threats ...... 5 \\\\r\\\\n1.2.3 Risks and Adaptation Policy ........................... 5 \\\\r\\\\n1.3 The Complication: Climate Events are Transforming Society ..... 7 \\\\r\\\\n1.4 The Importance of Social Factors in Adaptation Policy ........... 10 \\\\r\\\\n1.5 Structure of This Book ...................................... 13 \\\\r\\\\nReferences ..................................................... 16 \\\\r\\\\n2 Choices in Adaptation Policy .................................... 19 \\\\r\\\\n2.1 The Societal Context of Adaptation Policy ..................... 19 \\\\r\\\\n2.2 Question 1: Which Climate Threats are the Focus of Attention? ... 21 \\\\r\\\\n2.3 Question 2: On which Phases of Climate Events do Adaptation \\\\r\\\\nMeasures Focus? ........................................... 25 \\\\r\\\\n2.4 Question 3: Who is Responsible for Taking Adaptation \\\\r\\\\nMeasures? ................................................. 28 \\\\r\\\\n2.5 Conclusion ................................................ 31 \\\\r\\\\nReferences ..................................................... 32 \\\\r\\\\n3 How People Deal with the Uncertainty of Climate Threats .......... 37 \\\\r\\\\n3.1 Engaging with Inherent Uncertainty ........................... 37 \\\\r\\\\n3.2 A Conceptual Framework: Threat Appraisal and Coping \\\\r\\\\nAppraisal .................................................. 39 \\\\r\\\\n3.3 Sociological and Socio-Psychological Factors in Adaptation \\\\r\\\\nBehaviour ................................................. 42 \\\\r\\\\n3.4 Socio-Cultural Impacts of Climate Events ...................... 45 \\\\r\\\\n3.4.1 Self-Confidence ..................................... 47 \\\\r\\\\n3.4.2 Tunnel Vision ....................................... 49 \\\\r\\\\n3.4.3 Trauma ............................................. 51\\\\r\\\\nix\\\\r\\\\nx Contents\\\\r\\\\n3.4.4 Resentment ......................................... 52 \\\\r\\\\n3.5 Conclusion ................................................ 53 \\\\r\\\\nReferences ..................................................... 54 \\\\r\\\\n4 Social Cohesion and Climate Events ............................. 61 \\\\r\\\\n4.1 Offering a Helping Hand is not Enough ........................ 61 \\\\r\\\\n4.2 Social Cohesion: the Whole is Greater than the Sum of its Parts ... 62 \\\\r\\\\n4.3 The Role of Social Cohesion in a Changing Climate ............. 66 \\\\r\\\\n4.3.1 Social Cohesion and Adaptive Action ................... 67 \\\\r\\\\n4.3.2 The Importance of Social Cohesion During Climate \\\\r\\\\nEvents .............................................. 69 \\\\r\\\\n4.3.3 Social Cohesion and Recovery ......................... 71 \\\\r\\\\n4.4 Consequences of Climate Change for Social Cohesion ........... 72 \\\\r\\\\n4.5 Conclusion ................................................ 74 \\\\r\\\\nReferences ..................................................... 74 \\\\r\\\\n5 The Role of Socio-Economic Position in Climate Events ............ 81 \\\\r\\\\n5.1 Everyone Feels the Heat, but Some Feel it more than Others ...... 82 \\\\r\\\\n5.2 Socio-Economic Position and Vulnerabilities ................... 83 \\\\r\\\\n5.3 The Impact of a Vulnerable Socio-Economic Position \\\\r\\\\non Preparation, Response and Recovery ....................... 87 \\\\r\\\\n5.3.1 Increased Exposure and Sensitivity ..................... 88 \\\\r\\\\n5.3.2 Limited Adaptive Capacity ............................ 89 \\\\r\\\\n5.3.3 Fewer Perspectives for Action During Climate Events ..... 91 \\\\r\\\\n5.3.4 Lower Recovery Capacity ............................. 93 \\\\r\\\\n5.4 Effects of Climate Change that Further Worsen a Vulnerable \\\\r\\\\nSocio-Economic Position .................................... 95 \\\\r\\\\n5.4.1 Mechanisms that can Deteriorate a Vulnerable \\\\r\\\\nSocio-Economic Position Further ....................... 95 \\\\r\\\\n5.4.2 Case 1: The Consequences of Climate Change \\\\r\\\\nfor the Housing Market ............................... 96 \\\\r\\\\n5.4.3 Case 2: The Consequences of Climate Change \\\\r\\\\nfor Education ........................................ 98 \\\\r\\\\n5.5 Conclusion ................................................ 99 \\\\r\\\\nReferences ..................................................... 100 \\\\r\\\\n6 Stronger Together in a Changing Climate ........................ 109 \\\\r\\\\n6.1 Towards a More Broadly Supported Adaptation Policy ........... 109 \\\\r\\\\n6.2 The Importance of Social Factors ............................. 110 \\\\r\\\\n6.3 Physical as well as Social Pathways to Climate Resilience ........ 112 \\\\r\\\\n6.4 Recommendations .......................................... 119 \\\\r\\\\n6.5 In Conclusion .............................................. 125 \\\\r\\\\nReferences ..................................................... 125 \\\\r\\\\nGlossary .......................................................... 131 \\\\r\\\\nBibliography ...................................................... 135\\\\r\\\\nContents xi\\\\r\\\\nIndex ............................................................. 157
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